I have a linked stack that I would like to copy over in to another stack so that it becomes in reverse order. How would I do that??
Basically this is how my stack is made.
struct Node
{
int num;
Node *Link;
};
MyStack::MyStack()
{
stackTop = new Node;
stackTop = NULL;
}
void MyStack::push(int num)
{
Node *newNode;
newNode = new Node;
assert(newNode != NULL);
newNode-%26gt;num = num;
newNode-%26gt;Link = stackTop;
stackTop = newNode;
}
Theres more to the code but this is all that matters for my question.
Thanks!
Copying a linked Stack in C++?
MyStack::MyStack()
{
// stackTop = new Node; // this "new Node" would be a memory leak
stackTop = NULL;
}
MyStack::( MyStack %26amp; o ) {
stackTop = NULL; // init my head
Node **ppNode = %26amp;stackTop; // point to pointer
Node * pNode = o.stackTop; // get other stack's head
while (pNode != NULL)
*ppNode = new Node; // make a new node
**ppNode = *pNode; // copy the other stack's node
(*ppNode)-%26gt;Link = NULL; // clear the new node's link
ppNode = %26amp;(*ppNode)-%26gt;Link; // point to the new node's link
pNode = pNode-%26gt;Link; // move to the other stack's next node
}
}
shoe decorations
Monday, May 4, 2009
Problems with linked lists in Java?
Basically I have the following:
main program:
1)made up LinkedList
2)calls thread
thread:
1) accessing first on linked list
2) using the variable first on the list
3) removing the first on the list
4) considering next on the list
Basically I am trying to access a linked list I created from a separate thread. I can access this linked list inside the same thread but once I try from a different thread it gives me the following error:
Exception in thread "Thread-3" java.lang.NullPointerException
at Heater$CheckList.run(Heater.java:633)
I have declared the list globally. Is there something I have missed out? A basic layout of what I need to do in Java language would be great.
Problems with linked lists in Java?
Without looking at your code (and I really don't want to)... threads are such a deadlock (or race) condition that java has gone over to a single-thread mechanism, just for sanity sake, so there is a hope for debugging.
In your problem, I THINK you have deadlock requesting a spawn before a new thread can start. In the old days they used to enumerate all the threads, see if any threads were running and threadY.join(); Doing this thread on linked list is proceedural. Do one step out of order, you get lock.
The only time I have used linked lists was in a classroom environment. If I program for things money and it requires threads, I will ONLY do such software in Swing, using the single-mechanism of:
public static main() {
SwingUtilities.
invokeLater(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
// code here
}
});
}
if I want to join that above thread in progress, I spawn with:
if(SwingUtilities.
isDispatchThread() ) {
// code.run();
} else {
SwingUtilities.
invokeLater( code );
}
////////
So, declaring your List "globally" has nothing to do with this deadlock. Exception thrown is Heater.innerClass.run %26lt;-- thread
Reply:Hmmm....do you have the latest version of Java installed?
main program:
1)made up LinkedList
2)calls thread
thread:
1) accessing first on linked list
2) using the variable first on the list
3) removing the first on the list
4) considering next on the list
Basically I am trying to access a linked list I created from a separate thread. I can access this linked list inside the same thread but once I try from a different thread it gives me the following error:
Exception in thread "Thread-3" java.lang.NullPointerException
at Heater$CheckList.run(Heater.java:633)
I have declared the list globally. Is there something I have missed out? A basic layout of what I need to do in Java language would be great.
Problems with linked lists in Java?
Without looking at your code (and I really don't want to)... threads are such a deadlock (or race) condition that java has gone over to a single-thread mechanism, just for sanity sake, so there is a hope for debugging.
In your problem, I THINK you have deadlock requesting a spawn before a new thread can start. In the old days they used to enumerate all the threads, see if any threads were running and threadY.join(); Doing this thread on linked list is proceedural. Do one step out of order, you get lock.
The only time I have used linked lists was in a classroom environment. If I program for things money and it requires threads, I will ONLY do such software in Swing, using the single-mechanism of:
public static main() {
SwingUtilities.
invokeLater(new Runnable() {
public void run() {
// code here
}
});
}
if I want to join that above thread in progress, I spawn with:
if(SwingUtilities.
isDispatchThread() ) {
// code.run();
} else {
SwingUtilities.
invokeLater( code );
}
////////
So, declaring your List "globally" has nothing to do with this deadlock. Exception thrown is Heater.innerClass.run %26lt;-- thread
Reply:Hmmm....do you have the latest version of Java installed?
Clinton first linked al Qaeda to Saddam?
Clinton first linked al Qaeda to Saddam
By Rowan Scarborough
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
The Clinton administration talked about firm evidence linking Saddam Hussein's regime to Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda network years before President Bush made the same statements.
The issue arose again this month after the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States reported there was no "collaborative relationship" between the old Iraqi regime and bin Laden.
Democrats have cited the staff report to accuse Mr. Bush of making inaccurate statements about a linkage. Commission members, including a Democrat and two Republicans, quickly came to the administration's defense by saying there had been such contacts.
In fact, during President Clinton's eight years in office, there were at least two official pronouncements of an alarming alliance between Baghdad and al Qaeda. One came from William S. Cohen, Mr. Clinton's defense secretary. He cited an al Qaeda-Baghdad link to justify the bombing of a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan.
Mr. Bush cited the linkage, in part, to justify invading Iraq and ousting Saddam. He said he could not take the risk of Iraq's weapons falling into bin Laden's hands.
The other pronouncement is contained in a Justice Department indictment on Nov. 4, 1998, charging bin Laden with murder in the bombings of two U.S. embassies in Africa.
The indictment disclosed a close relationship between al Qaeda and Saddam's regime, which included specialists on chemical weapons and all types of bombs, including truck bombs, a favorite weapon of terrorists.
The 1998 indictment said: "Al Qaeda also forged alliances with the National Islamic Front in the Sudan and with the government of Iran and its associated terrorist group Hezbollah for the purpose of working together against their perceived common enemies in the West, particularly the United States. In addition, al Qaeda reached an understanding with the government of Iraq that al Qaeda would not work against that government and that on particular projects, specifically including weapons development, al Qaeda would work cooperatively with the government of Iraq."
Shortly after the embassy bombings, Mr. Clinton ordered air strikes on al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and on the Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Sudan.
To justify the Sudanese plant as a target, Clinton aides said it was involved in the production of deadly VX nerve gas. Officials further determined that bin Laden owned a stake in the operation and that its manager had traveled to Baghdad to learn bomb-making techniques from Saddam's weapons scientists.
Mr. Cohen elaborated in March in testimony before the September 11 commission.
He testified that "bin Laden had been living [at the plant], that he had, in fact, money that he had put into this military industrial corporation, that the owner of the plant had traveled to Baghdad to meet with the father of the VX program."
He said that if the plant had been allowed to produce VX that was used to kill thousands of Americans, people would have asked him, " 'You had a manager that went to Baghdad; you had Osama bin Laden, who had funded, at least the corporation, and you had traces of [VX precursor] and you did what? And you did nothing?' Is that a responsible activity on the part of the secretary of defense?"
Clinton first linked al Qaeda to Saddam?
What is wrong with you? Don't you understand that Liberals have NO deductive reasoning whatsoever and don't care anyway?
They are NOT to be confused with facts, all they know is "Bush lied, kids died."
They don't care whether it is the truth or not, they only care that people believe their big lies. Wasn't it Goebbels who said that if you tell a big lie enough times that people will believe it? Doesn't really matter who said it, it is the truth.
Reply:Are you cons ever going to stop blaming Clinton for ever damn mistake Bush makes. Get used to it! your boy has been and will be and always was.. a total failure. Grow up and start seeing reality.
Reply:Stop blaming Clinton and take some responsibility for your parties failed policy and bad decision making
Reply:theres more of a link between alquada and the cia than to anyone i think ... we were in documented contact and used alquada operatives up until at least the war in bosnia ....
Reply:Great article. He's a liar and Bush was silly enough to take the words of a liar and go to war. Clinton was a liar JUST LIKE most politicians.
Bush had enough sense not to go under oath. If he had, we would have had another impeached president in less than 10 years. Any nitwit should have had the sense to know there was no real threat from Hussein and it was just an excuse to get a very large number of people KILLED.
Since Clinton was a liar, wouldn't most intelligent people do their own extensive research to determine what was really going on? Only a moron would take the information from a known liar and implement a plan to go to war.
The absolute mess we are in right now does not lay at the feet of Clinton. The people that hold the executive branch and the people that followed them blindly on both sides of the isle are to blame.
Reply:The truth doesn't matter.As I have said before,when confronted with evidence contrary to their belief,the left just cover their ears and scream"Bush lied,Bush lied".It's what children who no longer have the luxury of being spoiled by a media speaking in one voice do.They cannot handle debate.
Reply:That was a bit long brother, but still true, if anyone takes the time to read it all...
Reply:Is this supposed to get the Bush Administration off the hook?
It's a lot more serious when the bad information is being used to make a case for WAR.
By Rowan Scarborough
THE WASHINGTON TIMES
The Clinton administration talked about firm evidence linking Saddam Hussein's regime to Osama bin Laden's al Qaeda network years before President Bush made the same statements.
The issue arose again this month after the National Commission on Terrorist Attacks Upon the United States reported there was no "collaborative relationship" between the old Iraqi regime and bin Laden.
Democrats have cited the staff report to accuse Mr. Bush of making inaccurate statements about a linkage. Commission members, including a Democrat and two Republicans, quickly came to the administration's defense by saying there had been such contacts.
In fact, during President Clinton's eight years in office, there were at least two official pronouncements of an alarming alliance between Baghdad and al Qaeda. One came from William S. Cohen, Mr. Clinton's defense secretary. He cited an al Qaeda-Baghdad link to justify the bombing of a pharmaceutical plant in Sudan.
Mr. Bush cited the linkage, in part, to justify invading Iraq and ousting Saddam. He said he could not take the risk of Iraq's weapons falling into bin Laden's hands.
The other pronouncement is contained in a Justice Department indictment on Nov. 4, 1998, charging bin Laden with murder in the bombings of two U.S. embassies in Africa.
The indictment disclosed a close relationship between al Qaeda and Saddam's regime, which included specialists on chemical weapons and all types of bombs, including truck bombs, a favorite weapon of terrorists.
The 1998 indictment said: "Al Qaeda also forged alliances with the National Islamic Front in the Sudan and with the government of Iran and its associated terrorist group Hezbollah for the purpose of working together against their perceived common enemies in the West, particularly the United States. In addition, al Qaeda reached an understanding with the government of Iraq that al Qaeda would not work against that government and that on particular projects, specifically including weapons development, al Qaeda would work cooperatively with the government of Iraq."
Shortly after the embassy bombings, Mr. Clinton ordered air strikes on al Qaeda training camps in Afghanistan and on the Shifa pharmaceutical factory in Sudan.
To justify the Sudanese plant as a target, Clinton aides said it was involved in the production of deadly VX nerve gas. Officials further determined that bin Laden owned a stake in the operation and that its manager had traveled to Baghdad to learn bomb-making techniques from Saddam's weapons scientists.
Mr. Cohen elaborated in March in testimony before the September 11 commission.
He testified that "bin Laden had been living [at the plant], that he had, in fact, money that he had put into this military industrial corporation, that the owner of the plant had traveled to Baghdad to meet with the father of the VX program."
He said that if the plant had been allowed to produce VX that was used to kill thousands of Americans, people would have asked him, " 'You had a manager that went to Baghdad; you had Osama bin Laden, who had funded, at least the corporation, and you had traces of [VX precursor] and you did what? And you did nothing?' Is that a responsible activity on the part of the secretary of defense?"
Clinton first linked al Qaeda to Saddam?
What is wrong with you? Don't you understand that Liberals have NO deductive reasoning whatsoever and don't care anyway?
They are NOT to be confused with facts, all they know is "Bush lied, kids died."
They don't care whether it is the truth or not, they only care that people believe their big lies. Wasn't it Goebbels who said that if you tell a big lie enough times that people will believe it? Doesn't really matter who said it, it is the truth.
Reply:Are you cons ever going to stop blaming Clinton for ever damn mistake Bush makes. Get used to it! your boy has been and will be and always was.. a total failure. Grow up and start seeing reality.
Reply:Stop blaming Clinton and take some responsibility for your parties failed policy and bad decision making
Reply:theres more of a link between alquada and the cia than to anyone i think ... we were in documented contact and used alquada operatives up until at least the war in bosnia ....
Reply:Great article. He's a liar and Bush was silly enough to take the words of a liar and go to war. Clinton was a liar JUST LIKE most politicians.
Bush had enough sense not to go under oath. If he had, we would have had another impeached president in less than 10 years. Any nitwit should have had the sense to know there was no real threat from Hussein and it was just an excuse to get a very large number of people KILLED.
Since Clinton was a liar, wouldn't most intelligent people do their own extensive research to determine what was really going on? Only a moron would take the information from a known liar and implement a plan to go to war.
The absolute mess we are in right now does not lay at the feet of Clinton. The people that hold the executive branch and the people that followed them blindly on both sides of the isle are to blame.
Reply:The truth doesn't matter.As I have said before,when confronted with evidence contrary to their belief,the left just cover their ears and scream"Bush lied,Bush lied".It's what children who no longer have the luxury of being spoiled by a media speaking in one voice do.They cannot handle debate.
Reply:That was a bit long brother, but still true, if anyone takes the time to read it all...
Reply:Is this supposed to get the Bush Administration off the hook?
It's a lot more serious when the bad information is being used to make a case for WAR.
Why is teen sexuality linked to depression?
"A few years ago a similar US study, based on the government-funded National Longitudinal Survey of Adolescent Health, linked adolescent female depression and suicide with adolescent sexuality. The study found that about 25% of sexually active girls say they are depressed all, most or a lot of the time, while only 8% of girls who are not sexually active feel the same. While 14% of girls who have had intercourse have attempted suicide, only 5% of sexually inactive girls have."
source: http://www.shmuley.com/articles.php?id=5...
Is it that girls who are depressed are also sexually active? Is there a third cause linking the two? Is teen sexuality *causing* depression in girls? I'm unable to find any study linking the two in teenage boys, what do you make of that? (Assuming that there is not a link, although you might assume that there simply is no study.)
Why is teen sexuality linked to depression?
Meier, Ann. 2007. “Adolescent First Sex and Subsequent Mental Health.” American Journal of Sociology 112(8): 1811-1847.
This is an interesting study that researched links between teen sex and depression for both both sexes. It was a poll of American 7-12 grade students comparing adolescents who were virgins and became sexually active to adolescents who did not over an 18-month period.
It's findings indicate that becoming sexually active in the late teens does not have a significant correlation with depression for either sex but there is a higher correlation for girls.
The results are different for early teens 15 and younger. Here they indicate that becoming sexually active in your early teens has a significantly higher risk of depression later.
The study suggests that the risk of depression in sexually active teens is related to how close the relationships were and if the relationships continued and that age of first becoming sexually active was a factor.
Personally this makes sense to me from what I see every day around me. If you start having sex very young you are not emotionally ready and are not doing it for the right reasons and you are not thinking of what can happen. So a break-up with your first is very likely and will hurt and make you very depressed.
Girls who have sex in their early teens probably also are more likely to be depressed. Maybe this is true for boys too.
Even when you are older you are likely to be depressed if your first is not someone you are in a good close relationship with. I think this is very likely for girls/women.
I don't know if this study's findings really conflict with the study based on the longitudinal survey.
I believe that it can be explained as girls who are likely to be depressed are likely to become sexually active earlier and the break-ups in relationships and pregnancy scares and pregnancy are what "cause" the depression. But they were already more likely than average to be depressed or at risk to be depressed.
Reply:Well, people are always a little down right afterwards. That's why people started smoking a cigarette to recover.
Reply:The answer is as plain as the nose on your face. Because they are NOT READY TO HAVE SEX. Not emotionally, not intellectually, not financially, and that is that.
The outcome of teen sex is usually pregnancy, abortion, or a negative stigma, not to mention feelings of humiliation at being taken advantage of and made a fool or and labelled a whore and we won't even get into the lifetime curses of STDs.
I am grateful for all the premature greys on my head that I have earned trying to raise my children up to be decent, moral and intelligent people with much more to pursue in life than just the opposite sex's privates.
Reply:Unclear, but girls who are promiscious view that as an easy way to get a partner and when it fails it's like TOTAL disaster, because if he isn't interested in sticking it inside you you must be a TOTAL disaster.
I have to admit there is some logic there.
Sex is the LOWEST common denominator around and if sex doesn't keep a partner then there are serious issues at hand.
A beautiful girl can keep a man at arms length and he'll still go for it because it's an EGO stroke to be seen with her.
Just to WALK into a room with a BABE on your arm is COOL, even if she shakes your hand and rushes to her house after the date.
You see know one KNOWS that actually happened except for you and her and your friends won't get to talk to her. So all you have to do is smile and be silent.
Now, when a girl bears it all every night and lets a guy have it when ever he wants it and he dumps her.
Well....
I mean look at it from her point of view.
She NEVER said no. He ALWAYS got way.
That kind of treatment CAN be devistating to a psyche
I means because of your personality, general looks or temperment EVEN RABBIT LIKE SEX won't keep the guy happy.
I mean (thinking from a stereotypical point of view or a male point of view) when a girl gets home, strips naked, climbs on his lap and says
TAKE YOU FOOL
And HE WON'T
I mean, that's like NOT NORMAL for a male
And EVEYRONE out there better back me on that one!
Once again, a girl comes in, STRIPS, OFFERS HERSELF UP and GET REJECTED
I mean the guys not even interested in checking her for lumps
I mean that is SERIOUS issue
I can EASILY see girls getting distressed over that one!
It says your PINK PARTS aren't even of interest to a man.
That's like UNAMERICAN
That's like UN-MALE
NO man should ever get that JADED
That's telling a girl she's WAY LESS THAN NOTHING
I can easily see how devistating that can be
Reply:I assume that girls who start having sex very early are looking for love, attention and approval. (Because, let's face it, there's no such thing as a 14-year-old choosing to have sex for the RIGHT reasons.) That, to me, means that girls willing to have sex at a young age are predisposed to experiencing depression. The sex is a symptom, not the cause of the depression.
Girls with healthier self-esteem tend to get pressured into sex less, and are also less disposed to depression.
Just a theory.
Reply:thats not why...its cuz the guys are not really loving them dont you think??
Reply:No woman needs intercourse but few women escape it.
Reply:we just talked about this is in psych class. statistically, girls who reach puberty early are more likely to be sexually active, and overall more deviant. boys who reach puberty late are more likely to be depressed and to have social issues.
i'm not sure why it would cause depression, but my guess is girls who have sex early on are not quite comfortable in their skin, and are more likely to fall into abusive relationships and many obtain a bad reputation. this could cause depression or low self-esteems. also, when i was a young teen, the girls that were having sex were the ones with the lower self-image to begin with.
Reply:I don't think we have the answers to these questions yet, Jupiter. Perhaps there might be a portion of the population that is insecure and having sex to try and fill the void in their life.
An example of correlation that can lead to future research.
Reply:I would always say that action comes before consequence, but after belief.
Those girls sought sex to find what many young drug abusers and alcoholics are also after.
The sex was not directly linked to depression.
The sex was the physical manifestation, while depression was the emotional manifestation in response to something bigger and deeper that has taken years to come to this apex.
Abstinence would only leave a hole to fill some other way.
Reply:because being fondled by a teenage boy is depressing.
Reply:That might be because these girls are not emotionally equipped to have pre-adulthood sex. It's not the sex itself, but what's lacking in it. These girls probably expected a monogamous relationship and never got it.
Reply:Could it be that they are depressed and are having sex to try to make themselves happy? I mean adults have sex to have fun, it doesn't become good only after the age of 18. People who are depressed do all kids of (maybe not healthy) things to try to alleviate depression sex, food, drugs, shopping. Granted these things often make the depression worse in the long term but they are used as short term coping mechanisms by all kinds of people.
source: http://www.shmuley.com/articles.php?id=5...
Is it that girls who are depressed are also sexually active? Is there a third cause linking the two? Is teen sexuality *causing* depression in girls? I'm unable to find any study linking the two in teenage boys, what do you make of that? (Assuming that there is not a link, although you might assume that there simply is no study.)
Why is teen sexuality linked to depression?
Meier, Ann. 2007. “Adolescent First Sex and Subsequent Mental Health.” American Journal of Sociology 112(8): 1811-1847.
This is an interesting study that researched links between teen sex and depression for both both sexes. It was a poll of American 7-12 grade students comparing adolescents who were virgins and became sexually active to adolescents who did not over an 18-month period.
It's findings indicate that becoming sexually active in the late teens does not have a significant correlation with depression for either sex but there is a higher correlation for girls.
The results are different for early teens 15 and younger. Here they indicate that becoming sexually active in your early teens has a significantly higher risk of depression later.
The study suggests that the risk of depression in sexually active teens is related to how close the relationships were and if the relationships continued and that age of first becoming sexually active was a factor.
Personally this makes sense to me from what I see every day around me. If you start having sex very young you are not emotionally ready and are not doing it for the right reasons and you are not thinking of what can happen. So a break-up with your first is very likely and will hurt and make you very depressed.
Girls who have sex in their early teens probably also are more likely to be depressed. Maybe this is true for boys too.
Even when you are older you are likely to be depressed if your first is not someone you are in a good close relationship with. I think this is very likely for girls/women.
I don't know if this study's findings really conflict with the study based on the longitudinal survey.
I believe that it can be explained as girls who are likely to be depressed are likely to become sexually active earlier and the break-ups in relationships and pregnancy scares and pregnancy are what "cause" the depression. But they were already more likely than average to be depressed or at risk to be depressed.
Reply:Well, people are always a little down right afterwards. That's why people started smoking a cigarette to recover.
Reply:The answer is as plain as the nose on your face. Because they are NOT READY TO HAVE SEX. Not emotionally, not intellectually, not financially, and that is that.
The outcome of teen sex is usually pregnancy, abortion, or a negative stigma, not to mention feelings of humiliation at being taken advantage of and made a fool or and labelled a whore and we won't even get into the lifetime curses of STDs.
I am grateful for all the premature greys on my head that I have earned trying to raise my children up to be decent, moral and intelligent people with much more to pursue in life than just the opposite sex's privates.
Reply:Unclear, but girls who are promiscious view that as an easy way to get a partner and when it fails it's like TOTAL disaster, because if he isn't interested in sticking it inside you you must be a TOTAL disaster.
I have to admit there is some logic there.
Sex is the LOWEST common denominator around and if sex doesn't keep a partner then there are serious issues at hand.
A beautiful girl can keep a man at arms length and he'll still go for it because it's an EGO stroke to be seen with her.
Just to WALK into a room with a BABE on your arm is COOL, even if she shakes your hand and rushes to her house after the date.
You see know one KNOWS that actually happened except for you and her and your friends won't get to talk to her. So all you have to do is smile and be silent.
Now, when a girl bears it all every night and lets a guy have it when ever he wants it and he dumps her.
Well....
I mean look at it from her point of view.
She NEVER said no. He ALWAYS got way.
That kind of treatment CAN be devistating to a psyche
I means because of your personality, general looks or temperment EVEN RABBIT LIKE SEX won't keep the guy happy.
I mean (thinking from a stereotypical point of view or a male point of view) when a girl gets home, strips naked, climbs on his lap and says
TAKE YOU FOOL
And HE WON'T
I mean, that's like NOT NORMAL for a male
And EVEYRONE out there better back me on that one!
Once again, a girl comes in, STRIPS, OFFERS HERSELF UP and GET REJECTED
I mean the guys not even interested in checking her for lumps
I mean that is SERIOUS issue
I can EASILY see girls getting distressed over that one!
It says your PINK PARTS aren't even of interest to a man.
That's like UNAMERICAN
That's like UN-MALE
NO man should ever get that JADED
That's telling a girl she's WAY LESS THAN NOTHING
I can easily see how devistating that can be
Reply:I assume that girls who start having sex very early are looking for love, attention and approval. (Because, let's face it, there's no such thing as a 14-year-old choosing to have sex for the RIGHT reasons.) That, to me, means that girls willing to have sex at a young age are predisposed to experiencing depression. The sex is a symptom, not the cause of the depression.
Girls with healthier self-esteem tend to get pressured into sex less, and are also less disposed to depression.
Just a theory.
Reply:thats not why...its cuz the guys are not really loving them dont you think??
Reply:No woman needs intercourse but few women escape it.
Reply:we just talked about this is in psych class. statistically, girls who reach puberty early are more likely to be sexually active, and overall more deviant. boys who reach puberty late are more likely to be depressed and to have social issues.
i'm not sure why it would cause depression, but my guess is girls who have sex early on are not quite comfortable in their skin, and are more likely to fall into abusive relationships and many obtain a bad reputation. this could cause depression or low self-esteems. also, when i was a young teen, the girls that were having sex were the ones with the lower self-image to begin with.
Reply:I don't think we have the answers to these questions yet, Jupiter. Perhaps there might be a portion of the population that is insecure and having sex to try and fill the void in their life.
An example of correlation that can lead to future research.
Reply:I would always say that action comes before consequence, but after belief.
Those girls sought sex to find what many young drug abusers and alcoholics are also after.
The sex was not directly linked to depression.
The sex was the physical manifestation, while depression was the emotional manifestation in response to something bigger and deeper that has taken years to come to this apex.
Abstinence would only leave a hole to fill some other way.
Reply:because being fondled by a teenage boy is depressing.
Reply:That might be because these girls are not emotionally equipped to have pre-adulthood sex. It's not the sex itself, but what's lacking in it. These girls probably expected a monogamous relationship and never got it.
Reply:Could it be that they are depressed and are having sex to try to make themselves happy? I mean adults have sex to have fun, it doesn't become good only after the age of 18. People who are depressed do all kids of (maybe not healthy) things to try to alleviate depression sex, food, drugs, shopping. Granted these things often make the depression worse in the long term but they are used as short term coping mechanisms by all kinds of people.
Does "X-linked" mean the same thing as "sex-linked?"?
Is "X-linked" another way to describe a disease as "sex-linked"?
Does "X-linked" mean the same thing as "sex-linked?"?
Most of the sex-linked traits you study in genetics class are on the X chromosome, so sex-linked and X-linked are the same thing.
If a sex-linked trait were on the Y-chromosome, the problem would say so specifically because this is the *exception*, not the normal problem. In all the genetics problems I've ever assigned, written, or test on, the sex-linked trait was on the X and the two terms were interchangeable.
Reply:yes/no ..... then what about Y genes...they are sex-linked but not X-linked.
Reply:yes x-linked is the same because it refers to the x chromosome.
there are very few genes on y chromosome and generally don't have diseases caused by mutations.
the x chromosome has genes not related to sex such as hemophelia or color blindness. y does not
polish
Does "X-linked" mean the same thing as "sex-linked?"?
Most of the sex-linked traits you study in genetics class are on the X chromosome, so sex-linked and X-linked are the same thing.
If a sex-linked trait were on the Y-chromosome, the problem would say so specifically because this is the *exception*, not the normal problem. In all the genetics problems I've ever assigned, written, or test on, the sex-linked trait was on the X and the two terms were interchangeable.
Reply:yes/no ..... then what about Y genes...they are sex-linked but not X-linked.
Reply:yes x-linked is the same because it refers to the x chromosome.
there are very few genes on y chromosome and generally don't have diseases caused by mutations.
the x chromosome has genes not related to sex such as hemophelia or color blindness. y does not
polish
Linked Lists?
Hi, currently I'm in a Data Structures and Algorithm class, and I have a question about linked lists. I've read the chapter once and I am about to read it again but I have a few questions.
1) I believe I am failing to see why my description of a linked list is "wrong", an array with each "cell" having 2 parts, 1)First part contains data 2) The Address of the NEXT "cell" except for the last one that contains the address of 0 (NULL)
2)I am having some problems coming up with algorithms for assignments dealing with this, are there any tips, tricks, or advice I could use to get this down faster?
3)I am starting to seriously wonder myself, (from a business stand point) how advanced is the stuff I am doing now, compared to projects out in the field? Is this still "newbie" stuff, or is this more advanced work?
Linked Lists?
1. Your description is not entirely wrong, except that a link list is not an array (ie not the array as you read in data structures). The arrays can contain a fixed-max number of elements, whereas a linked list can grow dynamically. Also, as you might know already, inserting an element anywhere in a link list is very easy as compared to inserting an element in an array (except when the element is inserted at the end).
2. I am not sure how helpful will this be - but you can try it out - Use linked list to store a sorted list of employees. Create methods to add and delete employees - each time an employee is added, you have to ensure that the sorted order is preserved (you can choose any field of employee structure to sort the records on - emp no, name, lastname)
3. Rest assured that data-structure is not even close to being obsolete. With all the advanced languages/products that inundate the markets today - data structure still have their own importance. Agreed, not every type of programming will use data structure, but there are a lot of scenarios, that can be best coded using data structures. Though you can still survive if you don't know this topic well (as there are always more than one way to solve a problem), but then your solution may not be as optimized as it would be with use of data structures.
Reply:1) You're correct, except it is not necessarily an array. The cells are called "nodes", and they do not need to be part of an array (and usually aren't). They can be individual data structures on their own. Each node has data and a pointer to the next node. Otherwise, you're completely right.
2) Your library of routines for linked lists will need a routine to add or remove a link to the list, and to detect if this is the last node. Adding to the end or the beginning of the list is a special consideration. Otherwise, I'll leave it to you to search Google or Yahoo for the terms: linked list example.
3) It is both basic computer science and it is also used at the highest levels. Linked lists are extremely important in many ways. I have been a software engineer for 20 years and I still use them all the time. Some languages have a class called "collection" which handles the linked list for you.
1) I believe I am failing to see why my description of a linked list is "wrong", an array with each "cell" having 2 parts, 1)First part contains data 2) The Address of the NEXT "cell" except for the last one that contains the address of 0 (NULL)
2)I am having some problems coming up with algorithms for assignments dealing with this, are there any tips, tricks, or advice I could use to get this down faster?
3)I am starting to seriously wonder myself, (from a business stand point) how advanced is the stuff I am doing now, compared to projects out in the field? Is this still "newbie" stuff, or is this more advanced work?
Linked Lists?
1. Your description is not entirely wrong, except that a link list is not an array (ie not the array as you read in data structures). The arrays can contain a fixed-max number of elements, whereas a linked list can grow dynamically. Also, as you might know already, inserting an element anywhere in a link list is very easy as compared to inserting an element in an array (except when the element is inserted at the end).
2. I am not sure how helpful will this be - but you can try it out - Use linked list to store a sorted list of employees. Create methods to add and delete employees - each time an employee is added, you have to ensure that the sorted order is preserved (you can choose any field of employee structure to sort the records on - emp no, name, lastname)
3. Rest assured that data-structure is not even close to being obsolete. With all the advanced languages/products that inundate the markets today - data structure still have their own importance. Agreed, not every type of programming will use data structure, but there are a lot of scenarios, that can be best coded using data structures. Though you can still survive if you don't know this topic well (as there are always more than one way to solve a problem), but then your solution may not be as optimized as it would be with use of data structures.
Reply:1) You're correct, except it is not necessarily an array. The cells are called "nodes", and they do not need to be part of an array (and usually aren't). They can be individual data structures on their own. Each node has data and a pointer to the next node. Otherwise, you're completely right.
2) Your library of routines for linked lists will need a routine to add or remove a link to the list, and to detect if this is the last node. Adding to the end or the beginning of the list is a special consideration. Otherwise, I'll leave it to you to search Google or Yahoo for the terms: linked list example.
3) It is both basic computer science and it is also used at the highest levels. Linked lists are extremely important in many ways. I have been a software engineer for 20 years and I still use them all the time. Some languages have a class called "collection" which handles the linked list for you.
Linked Excel-Excel and Powerpoint-Excel are slow to update.?
I have linked Excel-Excel(source) and Powerpoint-Excel (source) files stored on a shared server. When I have the source and destination files both open on my dektop the destination file updates immediately when a change is made in the source file (works like a charm!).
However, when the same files are open at different workstations (User1 at one workstation and User2 at a second workstation) they do NOT update dynamically and I have to go thru gyrations to effect the update. Even saving the changes to the source file and updating the links in the destination file doesn't get my updates right away. This is not convenient because I want the users to view the updates passively (and immediately). Note that Automatic Update is set correctly.
Linked Excel-Excel and Powerpoint-Excel are slow to update.?
If you wish both users to work on the Excel file simultaneously, you have to share the Excel file and I think Microsoft uses Groove to do that.
However, when the same files are open at different workstations (User1 at one workstation and User2 at a second workstation) they do NOT update dynamically and I have to go thru gyrations to effect the update. Even saving the changes to the source file and updating the links in the destination file doesn't get my updates right away. This is not convenient because I want the users to view the updates passively (and immediately). Note that Automatic Update is set correctly.
Linked Excel-Excel and Powerpoint-Excel are slow to update.?
If you wish both users to work on the Excel file simultaneously, you have to share the Excel file and I think Microsoft uses Groove to do that.
Sex-linked Traits (punnett square)?
I've attempted this one but I am having trouble still. I read the section in my book, the wikipedia article, and more but would like to double check my work here.
Sex-linked traits: traits transmitted on the X or Y chrom. Most sex-linked traits are found on the X chrom. A female, with two X chroms will carry a pair of alleles, while a male, with only one X chrom, carries a single allele. make sure to show XX for emale and XY for male. Then give another lable for the trait you are examining. Example X^R X^r.
Hemophilia is inherited as an X-linked recessive. A male who is hemophiliac marries a female who is not afflicted (homozygous).
a. What is the probability their 1st child will be a hemophiliac?
b. What is the probability that they will have a son who is a hemophiliac?
Ok...this is what I have so far:
X^R X^R(mother) x X^r Y (father)
.............X^r............. Y
X^R.....X^R X^r....X^R Y
X^R.....X^R X^r....X^R Y
So far so good? Now I just need to do the probabilities, yes?
Sex-linked Traits (punnett square)?
Yes, so far so good.
On with the probabilities!
a. 0%
b. 0%
Reply:Looks good to me
a. Zero chance
b. Zero chance
Sex-linked traits: traits transmitted on the X or Y chrom. Most sex-linked traits are found on the X chrom. A female, with two X chroms will carry a pair of alleles, while a male, with only one X chrom, carries a single allele. make sure to show XX for emale and XY for male. Then give another lable for the trait you are examining. Example X^R X^r.
Hemophilia is inherited as an X-linked recessive. A male who is hemophiliac marries a female who is not afflicted (homozygous).
a. What is the probability their 1st child will be a hemophiliac?
b. What is the probability that they will have a son who is a hemophiliac?
Ok...this is what I have so far:
X^R X^R(mother) x X^r Y (father)
.............X^r............. Y
X^R.....X^R X^r....X^R Y
X^R.....X^R X^r....X^R Y
So far so good? Now I just need to do the probabilities, yes?
Sex-linked Traits (punnett square)?
Yes, so far so good.
On with the probabilities!
a. 0%
b. 0%
Reply:Looks good to me
a. Zero chance
b. Zero chance
Cross-linked polymer.?
I'd done this experiment which purposed to cross-linked a linear polymer and to observe changes in physical properties of produced gel as a result of the cross-linking.
In this experiment, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is cross-linked by a hydrated borax molecule.
For information,there are six reaction take place.
1- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
2- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
3. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=10%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
4. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
5. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
6. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
Gel is produced.
How is the structure of the gel? Plz someone help me.
Cross-linked polymer.?
Polyvinyl alcohol is a polymer made from vinyl alcohol as you are aware. The actual structure is shown on the website I have provided for you below.
When many vinyl alcohol monomers are linked together a long polymer molecule (PVA) is formed.
The PVA molecule consists of a long chain of carbon atoms (about 4400 carbon atoms per molecule) to which are attached hydrogen atoms and OH groups.
The addition of borate ion, to an aqueous solution of PVA causes dramatic changes in the properties of the solution which can be attributed to the formation of bonds (or crosslinks) between the individual polyvinyl alcohol chains by the borate ion.
The structure of the resulting crosslinked PVA is shown at the weblink provided for you below. The effect of this crosslinking is to produce a three-dimensional network of polyvinyl alcohol chains. This network (you can visualize it as a fish net) traps and immobilizes water molecules, and the resulting product is a "gel". Other examples of gels are fruit jellies, gelatin and "Jello." The properties of the gel will depend upon the amount of crosslinking.
shoe polish
In this experiment, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is cross-linked by a hydrated borax molecule.
For information,there are six reaction take place.
1- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
2- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
3. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=10%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
4. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
5. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
6. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
Gel is produced.
How is the structure of the gel? Plz someone help me.
Cross-linked polymer.?
Polyvinyl alcohol is a polymer made from vinyl alcohol as you are aware. The actual structure is shown on the website I have provided for you below.
When many vinyl alcohol monomers are linked together a long polymer molecule (PVA) is formed.
The PVA molecule consists of a long chain of carbon atoms (about 4400 carbon atoms per molecule) to which are attached hydrogen atoms and OH groups.
The addition of borate ion, to an aqueous solution of PVA causes dramatic changes in the properties of the solution which can be attributed to the formation of bonds (or crosslinks) between the individual polyvinyl alcohol chains by the borate ion.
The structure of the resulting crosslinked PVA is shown at the weblink provided for you below. The effect of this crosslinking is to produce a three-dimensional network of polyvinyl alcohol chains. This network (you can visualize it as a fish net) traps and immobilizes water molecules, and the resulting product is a "gel". Other examples of gels are fruit jellies, gelatin and "Jello." The properties of the gel will depend upon the amount of crosslinking.
shoe polish
PowerPoint Content Management linked to Wiki server?
I guess I'm looking for several solutions.
First, I need a solution to publish PowerPoint files for the web and allows me to manage its content. So if I change the text and links, the server would publish the changes on the fly.
Second, I'm looking for a way to link the PowerPoint files or really the content of them... so that "keywords" in the files will be linked to a wiki server. I guess this way when some one clicks on a link in the file a definition for that keyword pops up.
uggg... i have a headache.
PowerPoint Content Management linked to Wiki server?
Your first question about Content Management is largely dependent on the website framework (underlying technology).
CMS website frameworks which will do what you require include
Dotnetnuke
Rainbow
Drupal
SharePoint
PHPnuke
(and the list is probably hundreds long)
As to your second question...
Depends I guess on whether you have control over the Wiki or whether you intend to link to a public resource.
Some technologies you can embed into your content which will do what you ask or at least contribute to a solution
Tagging
Microformats
Smartlinks
I'm not exactly clear what you have in mind for your second question, I've suggested ways for others to discover your content and interpret in an organized manner, but you can also actively create links in the underlying HTML of your PPT content that links to specified resources.
Addendum to my original post to refelct additional details...
I wonder if what you really is an RSS aggregator embedded or replacing your Wiki. Then, if your PPT or Flash text content changes, a summary with changes would automatically be pushed to your Wiki/RSS aggregator. Since RSS only supports text, you wouldn't be able to support Flash very well, but you can get around that by embedding tags, alt text and the like to describe any images.
First, I need a solution to publish PowerPoint files for the web and allows me to manage its content. So if I change the text and links, the server would publish the changes on the fly.
Second, I'm looking for a way to link the PowerPoint files or really the content of them... so that "keywords" in the files will be linked to a wiki server. I guess this way when some one clicks on a link in the file a definition for that keyword pops up.
uggg... i have a headache.
PowerPoint Content Management linked to Wiki server?
Your first question about Content Management is largely dependent on the website framework (underlying technology).
CMS website frameworks which will do what you require include
Dotnetnuke
Rainbow
Drupal
SharePoint
PHPnuke
(and the list is probably hundreds long)
As to your second question...
Depends I guess on whether you have control over the Wiki or whether you intend to link to a public resource.
Some technologies you can embed into your content which will do what you ask or at least contribute to a solution
Tagging
Microformats
Smartlinks
I'm not exactly clear what you have in mind for your second question, I've suggested ways for others to discover your content and interpret in an organized manner, but you can also actively create links in the underlying HTML of your PPT content that links to specified resources.
Addendum to my original post to refelct additional details...
I wonder if what you really is an RSS aggregator embedded or replacing your Wiki. Then, if your PPT or Flash text content changes, a summary with changes would automatically be pushed to your Wiki/RSS aggregator. Since RSS only supports text, you wouldn't be able to support Flash very well, but you can get around that by embedding tags, alt text and the like to describe any images.
Cross-linked polymer.?
I'd done this experiment which purposed to cross-linked a linear polymer and to observe changes in physical properties of produced gel as a result of the cross-linking.
In this experiment, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is cross-linked by a hydrated borax molecule.
For information,there are six reaction take place.
1- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
2- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
3. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=10%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
4. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
5. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
6. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
Gel is produced.
How is the structure of the gel? Plz someone help me.
Cross-linked polymer.?
you havent listed your results, we cant help without them
In this experiment, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is cross-linked by a hydrated borax molecule.
For information,there are six reaction take place.
1- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
2- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
3. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=10%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
4. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
5. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
6. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
Gel is produced.
How is the structure of the gel? Plz someone help me.
Cross-linked polymer.?
you havent listed your results, we cant help without them
X-linked and Y-linked traits!?
what are two characteristics that could be used to distinguish Y-linked genes from X-linked
X-linked and Y-linked traits!?
Men cannot be carriers for recessive x-linked traits without having the trait, women cannot have y-linked traits...
X-linked and Y-linked traits!?
Men cannot be carriers for recessive x-linked traits without having the trait, women cannot have y-linked traits...
Update linked Microsoft Excel workbook without allowing users to view the master workbook?
We have a master workbook containing multiple worksheets. There is one worksheet for each department in the company. Each worksheet is comprised of confidential salary information for the new hires coming into that department.
We have created a linked workbook for each department connecting to that department's worksheet in the master.
The problem we are running into is the users can't seem to update their specific linked workbook without having Read access to the master. We do not want the users to be able to see all of the worksheets in the master. How do we set it up so the users can update their workbooks with the most up-to-date information on the master without letting the users see the master????? Pasword protecting the file carries over to the linked workbooks, so that won't work.
Any suggestions??
Update linked Microsoft Excel workbook without allowing users to view the master workbook?
First of all Linking the workbooks is not what you want....first create a Master Workbook, then give each department their own workbooks Name the main workbook as Master and the individual ones as the deptartment that they represent for example Human Resources. In the Master Workbook name the first sheet the same Human Resources in this case. In cell A1 of the Master type in the formula
='[Human Resource.xls]Sheet1'!A1 Name sheet 2 in the Master as the name of the next department....Accounting for example...='[Accounting.xls]Sheet1'!A1 use the pull handle to pull the formula across and down the Master Worksheets as needed then when they enter in information the next time you open the Master it will all update....now you can do one of two things store them both on the server but make he Master Hidden and restricted to your login give them access to only their department workbooks using their logon access ask IT about helping with that and viola your done. No linking....formulas work better for this.
sliders
We have created a linked workbook for each department connecting to that department's worksheet in the master.
The problem we are running into is the users can't seem to update their specific linked workbook without having Read access to the master. We do not want the users to be able to see all of the worksheets in the master. How do we set it up so the users can update their workbooks with the most up-to-date information on the master without letting the users see the master????? Pasword protecting the file carries over to the linked workbooks, so that won't work.
Any suggestions??
Update linked Microsoft Excel workbook without allowing users to view the master workbook?
First of all Linking the workbooks is not what you want....first create a Master Workbook, then give each department their own workbooks Name the main workbook as Master and the individual ones as the deptartment that they represent for example Human Resources. In the Master Workbook name the first sheet the same Human Resources in this case. In cell A1 of the Master type in the formula
='[Human Resource.xls]Sheet1'!A1 Name sheet 2 in the Master as the name of the next department....Accounting for example...='[Accounting.xls]Sheet1'!A1 use the pull handle to pull the formula across and down the Master Worksheets as needed then when they enter in information the next time you open the Master it will all update....now you can do one of two things store them both on the server but make he Master Hidden and restricted to your login give them access to only their department workbooks using their logon access ask IT about helping with that and viola your done. No linking....formulas work better for this.
sliders
Sex-Linked traits: In man, normal vision is a sex-linked trait and its gene is dominant to the allele for red.
Sex-Linked traits: In man, normal vision is a sex-linked trait and its gene is dominant to the allele for red-green colour blindness. When a colour blind woman marries a man with normal vision, what would be the expected distribution of color vision among (a) their sons, and (b) their daughters?
Sex-Linked traits: In man, normal vision is a sex-linked trait and its gene is dominant to the allele for red.
Sons=100% color blind
daughters=100% carriers
Since color blindness is a sex linked recessive trait, a woman has to have the mutated gene on both her X chromosomes. And since the sons X chromosome always will come from the mother, her sons will always be color blind. The daughters will get one X from their mother, and the other form their father, and since he is not color blind they will only be carriers.
Sex-Linked traits: In man, normal vision is a sex-linked trait and its gene is dominant to the allele for red.
Sons=100% color blind
daughters=100% carriers
Since color blindness is a sex linked recessive trait, a woman has to have the mutated gene on both her X chromosomes. And since the sons X chromosome always will come from the mother, her sons will always be color blind. The daughters will get one X from their mother, and the other form their father, and since he is not color blind they will only be carriers.
Microsoft SQL -- Creating linked server to Sybase IQ?
I would like to create a linked server from SQL Server to Sybase IQ. I have created linked servers before so I know how to do that. However, I dont know the specifics of creating a linked server to Sybase IQ.
What are the parameters that are necessary to link IQ to SQL Server. Which Provider do I use? Do I need to install a special driver?
Microsoft SQL -- Creating linked server to Sybase IQ?
I found this for you : http://www.databasejournal.com/features/...
Hope that helps! Sounds like fun!
What are the parameters that are necessary to link IQ to SQL Server. Which Provider do I use? Do I need to install a special driver?
Microsoft SQL -- Creating linked server to Sybase IQ?
I found this for you : http://www.databasejournal.com/features/...
Hope that helps! Sounds like fun!
Cross-linked polymer.?
This experiment which purposed to cross-linked a linear polymer and to observe changes in physical properties of produced gel as a result of the cross-linking.
In this experiment, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is cross-linked by a hydrated borax molecule.
There are six reaction take place.
1- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
2- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
3. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=10%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
4. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
5. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
6. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
Gel is produced.
Do Mn and concentration of PVA and Borax affect the gel produced? How?
Plz someone help me..
Cross-linked polymer.?
You haven't listed your results. You need to do the tests to get the information. The only one that can answer these questions is you. It would probably help if you did the work, then you might understand whats happening.
In this experiment, the polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is cross-linked by a hydrated borax molecule.
There are six reaction take place.
1- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
2- (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
3. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=10%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
4. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 5%, V=1.0ml).
5. (PVA with Mn=31000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
6. (PVA with Mn=70000, Concentration=5%, V=10 ml) mix with (Borax, Concentration 10%, V=1.0ml).
Gel is produced.
Do Mn and concentration of PVA and Borax affect the gel produced? How?
Plz someone help me..
Cross-linked polymer.?
You haven't listed your results. You need to do the tests to get the information. The only one that can answer these questions is you. It would probably help if you did the work, then you might understand whats happening.
Aim question, linked screenames?
ok. i am trying to link two of my screen names on aim. i have v5.9.
i knows its
My AIM-%26gt; Manage linked screennames-%26gt; link/unlink screennames
ok. i click on what ur supposed to. "link/ unlink screennames". when i do that, a new window pops up, but its a white screen. i dont know what to do about this. can anyone help?
Aim question, linked screenames?
That screen is supposed to be the screen where you sign in to link/unlink but on your computer it's not loading correctly or quickly enough. I would just wait it out and see what happens.
Reply:ya im tryin 2 figure dat out myself......i just got da new IM, and i cant find da sn link thing....watev good luck Report It
Reply:yep Report It
zippers
i knows its
My AIM-%26gt; Manage linked screennames-%26gt; link/unlink screennames
ok. i click on what ur supposed to. "link/ unlink screennames". when i do that, a new window pops up, but its a white screen. i dont know what to do about this. can anyone help?
Aim question, linked screenames?
That screen is supposed to be the screen where you sign in to link/unlink but on your computer it's not loading correctly or quickly enough. I would just wait it out and see what happens.
Reply:ya im tryin 2 figure dat out myself......i just got da new IM, and i cant find da sn link thing....watev good luck Report It
Reply:yep Report It
zippers
Linked image in powerpoint does not show?
I have a 74 slides in my powerpoint, it was 300mb. to make the file lower all the backgrounds and images i've used i've linked it instead of embed. It was perfect on my orignal file location. But when I tried to burn it on a cd, all the linked files are not showing even though i copy also the images that were linked? Can somebody help me why?
Linked image in powerpoint does not show?
Hi,
If you have a Mac the answer is easy. In PowerPoint use the File Menu and choose Save As. Change the file type to PowerPoint Package, then copy the package folder to your cd.
For Windows PowerPoint it's a bit more complicated, so there's a web site that explains it all. Click the Source link for details. The link is about distributing via email but the problem and solution are the same.
-Jim Gordon
Microsoft Mac MVP
MVPs are independent and do not work for Microsoft
http://mvp.support.microsoft.com/
Linked image in powerpoint does not show?
Hi,
If you have a Mac the answer is easy. In PowerPoint use the File Menu and choose Save As. Change the file type to PowerPoint Package, then copy the package folder to your cd.
For Windows PowerPoint it's a bit more complicated, so there's a web site that explains it all. Click the Source link for details. The link is about distributing via email but the problem and solution are the same.
-Jim Gordon
Microsoft Mac MVP
MVPs are independent and do not work for Microsoft
http://mvp.support.microsoft.com/
Linked Yahoo accts?
How do you link your Yahoo email accounts if you have more than one?
I noticed my boyfriend's personal and Yahoo Small Business accounts are linked. But is it possible to link multiple personal email accounts? Thanks!
Linked Yahoo accts?
I think you can do it from "options" on your yahoo mail go to "accounts",click "add or edit account" from there, you can add another account
Reply:If you start new accounts, if is easy enough. With existing accounts, you can list a second e-mail address as alternative. I don't see any other way to link e-mail accounts with Yahoo!, though. Some servers allow e-mails to be forwarded from one account to another. Perhaps you can set some or all of your accounts to forward to one primary one. Hope this helps.
Reply:try what they suggested coz i have nothing to add sorry happy halloween dear!
Reply:I have no idea!!!!! Sorry I can't help!!!!!!!!!
I noticed my boyfriend's personal and Yahoo Small Business accounts are linked. But is it possible to link multiple personal email accounts? Thanks!
Linked Yahoo accts?
I think you can do it from "options" on your yahoo mail go to "accounts",click "add or edit account" from there, you can add another account
Reply:If you start new accounts, if is easy enough. With existing accounts, you can list a second e-mail address as alternative. I don't see any other way to link e-mail accounts with Yahoo!, though. Some servers allow e-mails to be forwarded from one account to another. Perhaps you can set some or all of your accounts to forward to one primary one. Hope this helps.
Reply:try what they suggested coz i have nothing to add sorry happy halloween dear!
Reply:I have no idea!!!!! Sorry I can't help!!!!!!!!!
Linked address - credit file!!?
I have a linked address on my credit file that refers to my ex-girlfriend of 2 years ago.
She was dreadful with money and I would hate to think that my credit score is getting tarnished due to this linked address.
Is it possible to get the linked address removed?? and will it have a affect on my credit score if shes running up bad debts??
Linked address - credit file!!?
This is something that is no longer relevant, although people still believe it to be true.
It did used to be the case that people living at the same address with debts could affect your credit. However, this was changed as it was blatantly unfair.
Now, the only thing that affects your credit file is you. Bad credit is no longer attached to an address, only to a person, so living in the same house with someone who has bad credit will not affect you in anyway. The only exception to this is husband and wife for example, if they have a joint bank account.
You don't need to do anything for your situation. Your old address has to be on there, but your ex's bad credit will not have any affect on you at all, so you don't need to worry.
Reply:Affect your score, no only if you are on her account as a authorized user.
To get the address removed go to
https://www.annualcreditreport.com/cra/i... (this is the only one that is legit)
get a copy of your report, you get 1 free per year then go to the dispute address and tell them thats you ex address not yours and have it removed.
Reply:What she does will have no effect on your score provided yo have no joint accounts. The fact that it may show a previous address that you both share has no bearing on your score.
PS, Authorized users were never effected by bad credit on the part of the account owner, just the good credit. Since last month, autorized account users credit scores are not affected at all, only joint credit accounts. Just a FYI
She was dreadful with money and I would hate to think that my credit score is getting tarnished due to this linked address.
Is it possible to get the linked address removed?? and will it have a affect on my credit score if shes running up bad debts??
Linked address - credit file!!?
This is something that is no longer relevant, although people still believe it to be true.
It did used to be the case that people living at the same address with debts could affect your credit. However, this was changed as it was blatantly unfair.
Now, the only thing that affects your credit file is you. Bad credit is no longer attached to an address, only to a person, so living in the same house with someone who has bad credit will not affect you in anyway. The only exception to this is husband and wife for example, if they have a joint bank account.
You don't need to do anything for your situation. Your old address has to be on there, but your ex's bad credit will not have any affect on you at all, so you don't need to worry.
Reply:Affect your score, no only if you are on her account as a authorized user.
To get the address removed go to
https://www.annualcreditreport.com/cra/i... (this is the only one that is legit)
get a copy of your report, you get 1 free per year then go to the dispute address and tell them thats you ex address not yours and have it removed.
Reply:What she does will have no effect on your score provided yo have no joint accounts. The fact that it may show a previous address that you both share has no bearing on your score.
PS, Authorized users were never effected by bad credit on the part of the account owner, just the good credit. Since last month, autorized account users credit scores are not affected at all, only joint credit accounts. Just a FYI
Using Linked Lists and STL in C++ to write a code , Who can Help ?
I want to write the following code in C++ , who can help me or give me some example or pre-written code about this topic ???
you will implement a class template called polynomial using linked lists and instantiate it by int. Each node in the linked list represents a term (such as -7x5) in the polynomial and contains at least the following member variables: the degree(the degree of the term) and coeff (the nonzero coefficient of the term). Note that you should only store nonzero coefficients. This means that if a coefficient goes to zero as a result of any operation, you must make sure that you delete that node.
In addition, you must make sure that the terms in the linked list are arranged in increasing order of their degree. Thus, the linked list corresponding to polynomial q(x) defined above must have nodes in the following order: node 1 representing term -5, node 2 representing the term 6x3, and node 3 representing the term -7x5.
Using Linked Lists and STL in C++ to write a code , Who can Help ?
I won't write the whole thing for you, but here is reasonable starting methodology for this type of problem :
// Begin Code
#include %26lt;list.h%26gt;
// Polynomial term definition ... you can use a class or typedef it
// instead if you'd prefer.
struct Polynomial_Term
{
int coefficient;
int exponent;
};
// Polynomial type definition using the list template of the STL.
typedef list%26lt;struct Polynomial_Term%26gt; Polynomial;
// End Code
So you'll declare a local variable of type Polynomial ... loop through adding your nodes using the list template methods (possibly tossing 0 coefficient terms at this stage before adding them to the Polynomial) ... then sort the Polynomial using the list template method and a sorting routine supplied by you (compare the exponents of both terms).
You can see the list template's header file in your compiler's includes ... but the STL headers are a bit messy and cumbersome. If you need resources to help you understand what methods are available and how to properly use them, do a Google search for "C++ STL list template".
shoe zippers
you will implement a class template called polynomial using linked lists and instantiate it by int. Each node in the linked list represents a term (such as -7x5) in the polynomial and contains at least the following member variables: the degree(the degree of the term) and coeff (the nonzero coefficient of the term). Note that you should only store nonzero coefficients. This means that if a coefficient goes to zero as a result of any operation, you must make sure that you delete that node.
In addition, you must make sure that the terms in the linked list are arranged in increasing order of their degree. Thus, the linked list corresponding to polynomial q(x) defined above must have nodes in the following order: node 1 representing term -5, node 2 representing the term 6x3, and node 3 representing the term -7x5.
Using Linked Lists and STL in C++ to write a code , Who can Help ?
I won't write the whole thing for you, but here is reasonable starting methodology for this type of problem :
// Begin Code
#include %26lt;list.h%26gt;
// Polynomial term definition ... you can use a class or typedef it
// instead if you'd prefer.
struct Polynomial_Term
{
int coefficient;
int exponent;
};
// Polynomial type definition using the list template of the STL.
typedef list%26lt;struct Polynomial_Term%26gt; Polynomial;
// End Code
So you'll declare a local variable of type Polynomial ... loop through adding your nodes using the list template methods (possibly tossing 0 coefficient terms at this stage before adding them to the Polynomial) ... then sort the Polynomial using the list template method and a sorting routine supplied by you (compare the exponents of both terms).
You can see the list template's header file in your compiler's includes ... but the STL headers are a bit messy and cumbersome. If you need resources to help you understand what methods are available and how to properly use them, do a Google search for "C++ STL list template".
shoe zippers
This is a question about data structures (linked lists) can anyone help?
Suppose cursor points to a node in a linked list (using the node definition with member functions called data and link). What statement changes cursor so that it points to the next node?
A. cursor++;
B. cursor = link( );
C. cursor += link( );
D. cursor = cursor-%26gt;link( );
Suppose cursor points to a node in a linked list (using the node definition with member functions called data and link). What Boolean expression will be true when cursor points to the tail node of the list?
A. (cursor == NULL)
B. (cursor-%26gt;link( ) == NULL)
C. (cursor-%26gt;data( ) == NULL)
D. (cursor-%26gt;data( ) == 0.0)
E. None of the above.
Why does our node class have two versions of the link member function?
A. One is public, the other is private.
B. One is to use with a const pointer, the other with a regular pointer.
C. One returns the forward link, the other returns the backward link.
D. One returns the data, the other returns a pointer to the next node.
This is a question about data structures (linked lists) can anyone help?
Question 1 - Answer: D
Question 2 - Answer: B
Question 2 - Answer: C*
*I can only assume "your" definition of the node class is a 2-way linked list. If the definition is of a single-direction linked list, then C is not the answer
A. cursor++;
B. cursor = link( );
C. cursor += link( );
D. cursor = cursor-%26gt;link( );
Suppose cursor points to a node in a linked list (using the node definition with member functions called data and link). What Boolean expression will be true when cursor points to the tail node of the list?
A. (cursor == NULL)
B. (cursor-%26gt;link( ) == NULL)
C. (cursor-%26gt;data( ) == NULL)
D. (cursor-%26gt;data( ) == 0.0)
E. None of the above.
Why does our node class have two versions of the link member function?
A. One is public, the other is private.
B. One is to use with a const pointer, the other with a regular pointer.
C. One returns the forward link, the other returns the backward link.
D. One returns the data, the other returns a pointer to the next node.
This is a question about data structures (linked lists) can anyone help?
Question 1 - Answer: D
Question 2 - Answer: B
Question 2 - Answer: C*
*I can only assume "your" definition of the node class is a 2-way linked list. If the definition is of a single-direction linked list, then C is not the answer
Could Child care be linked to future violence in society thanks to the femi extremist revolution?
Child Care Linked To Assertive, Noncompliant, and Aggressive Behaviors
Vast Majority of Children Within Normal Range
The more time children spent in child care from birth to age four-and-a-half, the more adults tended to rate them, both at age four-and-a-half and at kindergarten, as less likely to get along with others, as more assertive, as disobedient, and as aggressive, according to a study appearing in the July/August issue of Child Development.
However, the researchers cautioned that for the vast majority of children, the levels of the behaviors reported were well within the normal range.
In fact, a mother's sensitivity to her child was a better indicator of reported problem behaviors than was time in child care, with more sensitive mothering being linked to less problem behaviors. Higher maternal education and family income also predicted lower levels of children's problem behaviors..
The findings are from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development.
"It's important to put these findings in perspective," said Duane Alexander, M.D., Director of the NICHD. "The amount of time in child care is one of several family and child care factors linked to children's behaviors, both positive and negative."
The NICHD launched the study of early child care in 1991. The 27 researchers conducting the study have been following the development of more than 1000 children from across the United States. The children were enrolled in the study at birth and come from an ethnically and economically diverse sample of families. In addition to focusing on time in child care, the current article focused on several other aspects of the child care experience: the quality of the child care arrangement, the proportion of time that the child was in a child care center, the proportion of time that the child was cared for in a group setting, and the number of times that the mother reported that the child started a new child care arrangement.
In the current article, the researchers describe how child care experiences in the first four-and-a-half years of the children's lives relate to children's social competence and behavior problems, when the children were four-and-a-half years old, and later, when they reached kindergarten.
The study measured children's social behavior by having mothers, child care providers and teachers complete standardized ratings of children's behavior problems and social competence-their ability to get along with children and adults and their ability to follow social rules. Information about the number of hours the children were in child care was obtained from the mothers every 3-4 months.
The link between time in child care and problem behavior was greater than the link between infant temperament and problem behavior or maternal depression and problem behavior. This link between time in child care and problem behavior was also greater for children in center-based care than for children in other types of care.
The study authors noted that, of the children who displayed problem behaviors, the majority were well within the normal range. A small proportion of children showed levels of problem behavior that should be monitored to see if they developed into more serious problems. The proportion of children showing these higher levels of problem behavior is commensurate with the proportion of children in the U.S. population as a whole who also display these problems.
The link between time in child care and problem behavior occurred across all family backgrounds and all types and quality of care. The authors added that the time in child care during infancy did not appear to have a greater bearing on the children's behavior than did the time they spent in care after infancy. The researchers also found evidence that children who experienced better quality child care-in which caregivers provided intellectual stimulation and were warm, positive, and sensitive to child behavior-had fewer child caregiver/teacher-reported problem behaviors and conflict than did children who experienced lower quality care. The researchers noted, however, that high quality child care did not eliminate the link between hours in care and behavior problems.
The researchers could find no threshold of child-care hours above which problem behaviors were especially likely to emerge.
To illustrate the reported findings that were based on the information from the group as a whole, the researchers classified the children into four groups, based on the amount of time they spent in child care:
16 percent of children were in child care an average of 0-9 hours a week
38 percent for 10-29 hours
36 percent for 30-45 hours
10 percent for more than 45 hours a week.
In each of these groups, a minority of the children had a high score on behavior problems. However, the percent of children with high scores increased with the increase in the number of hours children spent in child care.
Children were rated by mothers and teachers on items such as: child demands a lot of attention; argues a lot; bragging and boasting; cruelty, bullying or meanness to others; destroys things belonging to others; disobedient at home; disobedient at school; gets into many fights; lying or cheating; screams a lot.
One of the important findings of this study is that the strongest predictor of how well a child behaves was a feature of maternal parenting that the researchers described as sensitivity--how attuned a mother is to a child's wants and needs. The behaviors of the sensitive mother are child centered; the sensitive mother is aware of the child's needs, moods, interests, and capabilities. She allows this awareness to guide her interactions with her child. Children of more sensitive mothers were more competent socially, less likely to engage in disruptive behavior, and less likely to be involved in conflicts with their caregivers and teachers.
Similarly, children whose parents had higher incomes and who were more highly educated also were more socially competent and less likely to engage in problem behaviors.
The study authors noted that their study was not designed to prove a cause and effect relationship. That is, the study cannot prove whether spending more time in child care causes children to have more problem behaviors. The behavior problems the researchers documented might be due to some other characteristic of the children or of their environment. Accompanying editorials in the July/August issue of Child Development offer possible explanations.
Findings previously reported from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development showed that more time in care predicted more problem behavior among two-year olds, but not among three-year olds; less sensitive maternal behavior and less harmonious mother-child interaction when children were 6-36 months of age; as well as higher rates of insecure attachment to the mother if the mother's parenting was relatively insensitive.
Preliminary findings pertaining to the research questions posed and answered by the current article were presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development in April of 2001. In the future, the researchers plan to focus on the relation between hours spent in child care and children's behavior during the school years.
###
The NICHD is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the biomedical research arm of the federal government. NIH is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NICHD sponsors research on development, before and after birth; maternal, child, and family health; reproductive biology and population issues; and medical rehabilitation. NICHD publications, as well as information about the Institute, are available from the NICHD Web site, http://www.nichd.nih.gov, or from the NICHD Information Resource Center, 1-800-370-2943; e-mail NICHDInformationResourceCenter@mail.nih....
Child Care Linked To Assertive, Noncompliant, and Aggressive Behaviors
Vast Majority of Children Within Normal Range
The more time children spent in child care from birth to age four-and-a-half, the more adults tended to rate them, both at age four-and-a-half and at kindergarten, as less likely to get along with others, as more assertive, as disobedient, and as aggressive, according to a study appearing in the July/August issue of Child Development.
However, the researchers cautioned that for the vast majority of children, the levels of the behaviors reported were well within the normal range.
In fact, a mother's sensitivity to her child was a better indicator of reported problem behaviors than was time in child care, with more sensitive mothering being linked to less problem behaviors. Higher maternal education and family income also predicted lower levels of children's problem behaviors..
The findings are from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development.
"It's important to put these findings in perspective," said Duane Alexander, M.D., Director of the NICHD. "The amount of time in child care is one of several family and child care factors linked to children's behaviors, both positive and negative."
The NICHD launched the study of early child care in 1991. The 27 researchers conducting the study have been following the development of more than 1000 children from across the United States. The children were enrolled in the study at birth and come from an ethnically and economically diverse sample of families. In addition to focusing on time in child care, the current article focused on several other aspects of the child care experience: the quality of the child care arrangement, the proportion of time that the child was in a child care center, the proportion of time that the child was cared for in a group setting, and the number of times that the mother reported that the child started a new child care arrangement.
In the current article, the researchers describe how child care experiences in the first four-and-a-half years of the children's lives relate to children's social competence and behavior problems, when the children were four-and-a-half years old, and later, when they reached kindergarten.
The study measured children's social behavior by having mothers, child care providers and teachers complete standardized ratings of children's behavior problems and social competence-their ability to get along with children and adults and their ability to follow social rules. Information about the number of hours the children were in child care was obtained from the mothers every 3-4 months.
The link between time in child care and problem behavior was greater than the link between infant temperament and problem behavior or maternal depression and problem behavior. This link between time in child care and problem behavior was also greater for children in center-based care than for children in other types of care.
The study authors noted that, of the children who displayed problem behaviors, the majority were well within the normal range. A small proportion of children showed levels of problem behavior that should be monitored to see if they developed into more serious problems. The proportion of children showing these higher levels of problem behavior is commensurate with the proportion of children in the U.S. population as a whole who also display these problems.
The link between time in child care and problem behavior occurred across all family backgrounds and all types and quality of care. The authors added that the time in child care during infancy did not appear to have a greater bearing on the children's behavior than did the time they spent in care after infancy. The researchers also found evidence that children who experienced better quality child care-in which caregivers provided intellectual stimulation and were warm, positive, and sensitive to child behavior-had fewer child caregiver/teacher-reported problem behaviors and conflict than did children who experienced lower quality care. The researchers noted, however, that high quality child care did not eliminate the link between hours in care and behavior problems.
The researchers could find no threshold of child-care hours above which problem behaviors were especially likely to emerge.
To illustrate the reported findings that were based on the information from the group as a whole, the researchers classified the children into four groups, based on the amount of time they spent in child care:
16 percent of children were in child care an average of 0-9 hours a week
38 percent for 10-29 hours
36 percent for 30-45 hours
10 percent for more than 45 hours a week.
In each of these groups, a minority of the children had a high score on behavior problems. However, the percent of children with high scores increased with the increase in the number of hours children spent in child care.
Children were rated by mothers and teachers on items such as: child demands a lot of attention; argues a lot; bragging and boasting; cruelty, bullying or meanness to others; destroys things belonging to others; disobedient at home; disobedient at school; gets into many fights; lying or cheating; screams a lot.
One of the important findings of this study is that the strongest predictor of how well a child behaves was a feature of maternal parenting that the researchers described as sensitivity--how attuned a mother is to a child's wants and needs. The behaviors of the sensitive mother are child centered; the sensitive mother is aware of the child's needs, moods, interests, and capabilities. She allows this awareness to guide her interactions with her child. Children of more sensitive mothers were more competent socially, less likely to engage in disruptive behavior, and less likely to be involved in conflicts with their caregivers and teachers.
Similarly, children whose parents had higher incomes and who were more highly educated also were more socially competent and less likely to engage in problem behaviors.
The study authors noted that their study was not designed to prove a cause and effect relationship. That is, the study cannot prove whether spending more time in child care causes children to have more problem behaviors. The behavior problems the researchers documented might be due to some other characteristic of the children or of their environment. Accompanying editorials in the July/August issue of Child Development offer possible explanations.
Findings previously reported from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development showed that more time in care predicted more problem behavior among two-year olds, but not among three-year olds; less sensitive maternal behavior and less harmonious mother-child interaction when children were 6-36 months of age; as well as higher rates of insecure attachment to the mother if the mother's parenting was relatively insensitive.
Preliminary findings pertaining to the research questions posed and answered by the current article were presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development in April of 2001. In the future, the researchers plan to focus on the relation between hours spent in child care and children's behavior during the school years.
###
The NICHD is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the biomedical research arm of the federal government. NIH is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NICHD sponsors research on development, before and after birth; maternal, child, and family health; reproductive biology and population issues; and medical rehabilitation. NICHD publications, as well as information about the Institute, are available from the NICHD Web site, http://www.nichd.nih.gov, or from the NICHD Information Resource Center, 1-800-370-2943; e-mail NICHDInformationResourceCenter@mail.nih....
Could Child care be linked to future violence in society thanks to the femi extremist revolution?
Yes, the femi-extremist revolution could be linked to a rise in violence amongst people in society. First of all, nothing can substitute the loving bond between parent and child. this bond is unfortunately disrupted because women now have to go to find jobs. It is simply too expensive in the world now to make it on just one income. If you have one income you almost always are on welfare for assistance but that is beside the point. when this bond is disrupted because of the woman working instead of being with her child the child is spending hours in daycare. I have observed in daycares that there is often a very large children to caregiver ratio and it is also evident that these children want attention to fulfill that emotional void that they are experiencing. the caregivers do not provide the children with the emotional interaction that they are needing I have seen this myself in the child care centers that I have went to. Part of a child growing is being able to have emotional needs fulfilled and they are not getting their emotional needs fulfilled because of the way it is in society now. the children have cause to "act out" just to get the attention that they are craving which is understandable. They use bullying: hurtful words, hitting, kicking, throwing tantrums just to get this needed attention.
The children who continue to be practically raised in this environment have it almost impossible to learn healthy social interaction because of the lack of interaction between caregiver and child. they tend to carry on with this behavior when they are in school, hence being suspended from school a number of times in a year for their behavior. Or they are the quiet type and they tend to "blow up" and fight.
Take the example of the school massacres. these all happened because they were wanting attention. they lacked the knowledge of healthy interactions and healthy relationships. They felt alone both at home and at school. with violence, they used manipulation to get the attention that they were wanting. they have turned their feelings of hurt and loneliness into anger and violence.
serial killers, as much as we hate to think about them, stem from a lack of knowledge of proper social interactions. they have not received love and affection at home and their parents did not pay attention to them. if they would have they may have noticed any strange behaviors that the child exhibited. and of course, the lack of a loving parent.
in conclusion, children need to have the all important bond of parent and child in order to grow emotionally.
Reply:There are some mothers who are forced into putting their child/ren into the daycare environment, not because of being a feminst, because of sheer survival. Some women lose their husbands because of death or the husband decides he no longer wishes to be married. Do not lump all women into this category. Until society can come up with a better solution to the problems that women face now days. SHUTTIE.
Reply:Dysfunctional children come from dysfuntional families and child care. Major difference is one group interest in profit only got control of one industry, and politician that regulate it, and in many cases subsidies are given to lowest standards possible.
Reply:From someone who has spent time actually doing a more critical review of the article and the follow-up studies:
--------------------------------------...
Also mentioned in the Times was the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Study of Early Child Care, whose findings were similar to Fuller's study. Four years ago, the Early Child Care study, using a sample of 1,364 kids who were 4 and a half, found that, while the reading and math skills of kids in child care were better than those of their stay-at-home counterparts (regardless of the type of care facility or family income), the more time the children spent in child care, the greater their aggression levels and noncompliance. That study sparked a great deal of controversy because one of its researchers touted conclusions to the media -- that putting a kid in child care caused these problems -- that his colleagues disputed. Last week, the NICHD published a follow-up report on the same kids who were in the 2001 study. It showed that by third grade, the children had swapped one set of problems for another: While the correlation to aggression went away, poor work habits and social skills appeared. (The Times piece suggested that the earlier study also found poor work habits and social skills, but according to Cathryn Booth-LaForce, one of the researchers on the project, that's incorrect. Also misleading is the Times' assertion that kids who spend more than 30 hours in child care are at risk for these problems. "The more hours in child care, the poorer the work habits in school, according to the teachers," says Booth-LaForce. "It doesn't have anything to do with 30 hours.")
But Booth-LaForce says that it's important to keep in mind that "all of these effects are small compared to the effects of parenting. Math and reading scores are small, too" -- the difference of a few points. As for what could cause children in child care to develop poor social skills, she's not drawing conclusions: "We don't really have an explanation for it at the moment."
And as Coontz points out, reporting on these studies tends to blow small findings out of proportion. "You're talking about a tiny minority of problematic cases, and usually problematic cases come with a whole other set of risk factors." Further, family units are so different, a norm cannot be so easily applied. "Families are changing so rapidly, it would be crazy to take an average generalization and make an individual family decision on the basis of it," she says.
Nor should parents feel guilty for working and, thus, having to rely on child care. "A much bigger impact on a child is whether they have a depressed mother or not," says Coontz. "And some mothers are more depressed when they don't work."
Philip and Carolyn Pape Cowan, professors emeriti at the University of California at Berkeley, point out that the relationship between two parents can be a much larger influence on the emotional and intellectual development of a child than child care. "We get upset when people get totally focused on child care as if it's the key issue," says Carolyn Cowan. In their longitudinal studies, they've tracked couples, some to whom they've taught parenting skills and others they haven't. "When parents are offered help to become the most effective parent they can be," she says, "and when they feel more effective as a couple, their children do better, academically and socially."
--------------------------------------...
and
--------------------------------------...
As Fuller suggests, the real implication of these studies is how we think and talk about governmental and company policies, like standardized testing, universal child care and flexible hours for working parents. It makes most sense to look at the third study, which was published yesterday by the American Sociological Review, as evidence of the need for regulated child-care centers. Julia Wrigley, a sociology professor and acting associate provost at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, co-authored the report, which shows that the rate of death among kids who were taken care of by a private caregiver was 16 times higher than for kids in child-care centers. Although it's by far the most alarming finding in any of these studies -- Wrigley is talking about death, not the ability to share, after all -- it is also nothing for parents to start panicking about.
Wrigley culled data from news reports, state records and legal cases to create a database of 1,362 child fatalities nationwide from 1985 to 2003, including 203 shaken-baby deaths. (To put those numbers in perspective, consider that each day approximately 8 million kids are in some form of paid child care.) All violent deaths occurred when kids were being watched by a nanny or a caregiver in a private home. In child-care centers, which are regulated by the state, and where a caregiver is often surrounded by other adults, violent deaths were nonexistent. Though death resulting from a child being left in a van or wandering off on a highway did occur at care centers, overall those centers turned out to be far safer than private care.
--------------------------------------...
Soooooooo - do you want child care and the tiny risk of more aggressive behavoir that goes away as the child ages or home care where the child is 16 times more likely to be killed due to violent behavoir of the caregiver?
Or maybe neither problem is really all the significant, and the real important message here is that parenting matters a lot? The above listed study isn't nearly as grim as it appears, and plenty of information has been left out in the format it appears from most internet posters. Even the authors of the study don't agree on what the study results mean.
Vast Majority of Children Within Normal Range
The more time children spent in child care from birth to age four-and-a-half, the more adults tended to rate them, both at age four-and-a-half and at kindergarten, as less likely to get along with others, as more assertive, as disobedient, and as aggressive, according to a study appearing in the July/August issue of Child Development.
However, the researchers cautioned that for the vast majority of children, the levels of the behaviors reported were well within the normal range.
In fact, a mother's sensitivity to her child was a better indicator of reported problem behaviors than was time in child care, with more sensitive mothering being linked to less problem behaviors. Higher maternal education and family income also predicted lower levels of children's problem behaviors..
The findings are from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development.
"It's important to put these findings in perspective," said Duane Alexander, M.D., Director of the NICHD. "The amount of time in child care is one of several family and child care factors linked to children's behaviors, both positive and negative."
The NICHD launched the study of early child care in 1991. The 27 researchers conducting the study have been following the development of more than 1000 children from across the United States. The children were enrolled in the study at birth and come from an ethnically and economically diverse sample of families. In addition to focusing on time in child care, the current article focused on several other aspects of the child care experience: the quality of the child care arrangement, the proportion of time that the child was in a child care center, the proportion of time that the child was cared for in a group setting, and the number of times that the mother reported that the child started a new child care arrangement.
In the current article, the researchers describe how child care experiences in the first four-and-a-half years of the children's lives relate to children's social competence and behavior problems, when the children were four-and-a-half years old, and later, when they reached kindergarten.
The study measured children's social behavior by having mothers, child care providers and teachers complete standardized ratings of children's behavior problems and social competence-their ability to get along with children and adults and their ability to follow social rules. Information about the number of hours the children were in child care was obtained from the mothers every 3-4 months.
The link between time in child care and problem behavior was greater than the link between infant temperament and problem behavior or maternal depression and problem behavior. This link between time in child care and problem behavior was also greater for children in center-based care than for children in other types of care.
The study authors noted that, of the children who displayed problem behaviors, the majority were well within the normal range. A small proportion of children showed levels of problem behavior that should be monitored to see if they developed into more serious problems. The proportion of children showing these higher levels of problem behavior is commensurate with the proportion of children in the U.S. population as a whole who also display these problems.
The link between time in child care and problem behavior occurred across all family backgrounds and all types and quality of care. The authors added that the time in child care during infancy did not appear to have a greater bearing on the children's behavior than did the time they spent in care after infancy. The researchers also found evidence that children who experienced better quality child care-in which caregivers provided intellectual stimulation and were warm, positive, and sensitive to child behavior-had fewer child caregiver/teacher-reported problem behaviors and conflict than did children who experienced lower quality care. The researchers noted, however, that high quality child care did not eliminate the link between hours in care and behavior problems.
The researchers could find no threshold of child-care hours above which problem behaviors were especially likely to emerge.
To illustrate the reported findings that were based on the information from the group as a whole, the researchers classified the children into four groups, based on the amount of time they spent in child care:
16 percent of children were in child care an average of 0-9 hours a week
38 percent for 10-29 hours
36 percent for 30-45 hours
10 percent for more than 45 hours a week.
In each of these groups, a minority of the children had a high score on behavior problems. However, the percent of children with high scores increased with the increase in the number of hours children spent in child care.
Children were rated by mothers and teachers on items such as: child demands a lot of attention; argues a lot; bragging and boasting; cruelty, bullying or meanness to others; destroys things belonging to others; disobedient at home; disobedient at school; gets into many fights; lying or cheating; screams a lot.
One of the important findings of this study is that the strongest predictor of how well a child behaves was a feature of maternal parenting that the researchers described as sensitivity--how attuned a mother is to a child's wants and needs. The behaviors of the sensitive mother are child centered; the sensitive mother is aware of the child's needs, moods, interests, and capabilities. She allows this awareness to guide her interactions with her child. Children of more sensitive mothers were more competent socially, less likely to engage in disruptive behavior, and less likely to be involved in conflicts with their caregivers and teachers.
Similarly, children whose parents had higher incomes and who were more highly educated also were more socially competent and less likely to engage in problem behaviors.
The study authors noted that their study was not designed to prove a cause and effect relationship. That is, the study cannot prove whether spending more time in child care causes children to have more problem behaviors. The behavior problems the researchers documented might be due to some other characteristic of the children or of their environment. Accompanying editorials in the July/August issue of Child Development offer possible explanations.
Findings previously reported from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development showed that more time in care predicted more problem behavior among two-year olds, but not among three-year olds; less sensitive maternal behavior and less harmonious mother-child interaction when children were 6-36 months of age; as well as higher rates of insecure attachment to the mother if the mother's parenting was relatively insensitive.
Preliminary findings pertaining to the research questions posed and answered by the current article were presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development in April of 2001. In the future, the researchers plan to focus on the relation between hours spent in child care and children's behavior during the school years.
###
The NICHD is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the biomedical research arm of the federal government. NIH is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NICHD sponsors research on development, before and after birth; maternal, child, and family health; reproductive biology and population issues; and medical rehabilitation. NICHD publications, as well as information about the Institute, are available from the NICHD Web site, http://www.nichd.nih.gov, or from the NICHD Information Resource Center, 1-800-370-2943; e-mail NICHDInformationResourceCenter@mail.nih....
Child Care Linked To Assertive, Noncompliant, and Aggressive Behaviors
Vast Majority of Children Within Normal Range
The more time children spent in child care from birth to age four-and-a-half, the more adults tended to rate them, both at age four-and-a-half and at kindergarten, as less likely to get along with others, as more assertive, as disobedient, and as aggressive, according to a study appearing in the July/August issue of Child Development.
However, the researchers cautioned that for the vast majority of children, the levels of the behaviors reported were well within the normal range.
In fact, a mother's sensitivity to her child was a better indicator of reported problem behaviors than was time in child care, with more sensitive mothering being linked to less problem behaviors. Higher maternal education and family income also predicted lower levels of children's problem behaviors..
The findings are from the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development (NICHD) Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development.
"It's important to put these findings in perspective," said Duane Alexander, M.D., Director of the NICHD. "The amount of time in child care is one of several family and child care factors linked to children's behaviors, both positive and negative."
The NICHD launched the study of early child care in 1991. The 27 researchers conducting the study have been following the development of more than 1000 children from across the United States. The children were enrolled in the study at birth and come from an ethnically and economically diverse sample of families. In addition to focusing on time in child care, the current article focused on several other aspects of the child care experience: the quality of the child care arrangement, the proportion of time that the child was in a child care center, the proportion of time that the child was cared for in a group setting, and the number of times that the mother reported that the child started a new child care arrangement.
In the current article, the researchers describe how child care experiences in the first four-and-a-half years of the children's lives relate to children's social competence and behavior problems, when the children were four-and-a-half years old, and later, when they reached kindergarten.
The study measured children's social behavior by having mothers, child care providers and teachers complete standardized ratings of children's behavior problems and social competence-their ability to get along with children and adults and their ability to follow social rules. Information about the number of hours the children were in child care was obtained from the mothers every 3-4 months.
The link between time in child care and problem behavior was greater than the link between infant temperament and problem behavior or maternal depression and problem behavior. This link between time in child care and problem behavior was also greater for children in center-based care than for children in other types of care.
The study authors noted that, of the children who displayed problem behaviors, the majority were well within the normal range. A small proportion of children showed levels of problem behavior that should be monitored to see if they developed into more serious problems. The proportion of children showing these higher levels of problem behavior is commensurate with the proportion of children in the U.S. population as a whole who also display these problems.
The link between time in child care and problem behavior occurred across all family backgrounds and all types and quality of care. The authors added that the time in child care during infancy did not appear to have a greater bearing on the children's behavior than did the time they spent in care after infancy. The researchers also found evidence that children who experienced better quality child care-in which caregivers provided intellectual stimulation and were warm, positive, and sensitive to child behavior-had fewer child caregiver/teacher-reported problem behaviors and conflict than did children who experienced lower quality care. The researchers noted, however, that high quality child care did not eliminate the link between hours in care and behavior problems.
The researchers could find no threshold of child-care hours above which problem behaviors were especially likely to emerge.
To illustrate the reported findings that were based on the information from the group as a whole, the researchers classified the children into four groups, based on the amount of time they spent in child care:
16 percent of children were in child care an average of 0-9 hours a week
38 percent for 10-29 hours
36 percent for 30-45 hours
10 percent for more than 45 hours a week.
In each of these groups, a minority of the children had a high score on behavior problems. However, the percent of children with high scores increased with the increase in the number of hours children spent in child care.
Children were rated by mothers and teachers on items such as: child demands a lot of attention; argues a lot; bragging and boasting; cruelty, bullying or meanness to others; destroys things belonging to others; disobedient at home; disobedient at school; gets into many fights; lying or cheating; screams a lot.
One of the important findings of this study is that the strongest predictor of how well a child behaves was a feature of maternal parenting that the researchers described as sensitivity--how attuned a mother is to a child's wants and needs. The behaviors of the sensitive mother are child centered; the sensitive mother is aware of the child's needs, moods, interests, and capabilities. She allows this awareness to guide her interactions with her child. Children of more sensitive mothers were more competent socially, less likely to engage in disruptive behavior, and less likely to be involved in conflicts with their caregivers and teachers.
Similarly, children whose parents had higher incomes and who were more highly educated also were more socially competent and less likely to engage in problem behaviors.
The study authors noted that their study was not designed to prove a cause and effect relationship. That is, the study cannot prove whether spending more time in child care causes children to have more problem behaviors. The behavior problems the researchers documented might be due to some other characteristic of the children or of their environment. Accompanying editorials in the July/August issue of Child Development offer possible explanations.
Findings previously reported from the NICHD Study of Early Child Care and Youth Development showed that more time in care predicted more problem behavior among two-year olds, but not among three-year olds; less sensitive maternal behavior and less harmonious mother-child interaction when children were 6-36 months of age; as well as higher rates of insecure attachment to the mother if the mother's parenting was relatively insensitive.
Preliminary findings pertaining to the research questions posed and answered by the current article were presented at the meeting of the Society for Research in Child Development in April of 2001. In the future, the researchers plan to focus on the relation between hours spent in child care and children's behavior during the school years.
###
The NICHD is part of the National Institutes of Health (NIH), the biomedical research arm of the federal government. NIH is an agency of the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. The NICHD sponsors research on development, before and after birth; maternal, child, and family health; reproductive biology and population issues; and medical rehabilitation. NICHD publications, as well as information about the Institute, are available from the NICHD Web site, http://www.nichd.nih.gov, or from the NICHD Information Resource Center, 1-800-370-2943; e-mail NICHDInformationResourceCenter@mail.nih....
Could Child care be linked to future violence in society thanks to the femi extremist revolution?
Yes, the femi-extremist revolution could be linked to a rise in violence amongst people in society. First of all, nothing can substitute the loving bond between parent and child. this bond is unfortunately disrupted because women now have to go to find jobs. It is simply too expensive in the world now to make it on just one income. If you have one income you almost always are on welfare for assistance but that is beside the point. when this bond is disrupted because of the woman working instead of being with her child the child is spending hours in daycare. I have observed in daycares that there is often a very large children to caregiver ratio and it is also evident that these children want attention to fulfill that emotional void that they are experiencing. the caregivers do not provide the children with the emotional interaction that they are needing I have seen this myself in the child care centers that I have went to. Part of a child growing is being able to have emotional needs fulfilled and they are not getting their emotional needs fulfilled because of the way it is in society now. the children have cause to "act out" just to get the attention that they are craving which is understandable. They use bullying: hurtful words, hitting, kicking, throwing tantrums just to get this needed attention.
The children who continue to be practically raised in this environment have it almost impossible to learn healthy social interaction because of the lack of interaction between caregiver and child. they tend to carry on with this behavior when they are in school, hence being suspended from school a number of times in a year for their behavior. Or they are the quiet type and they tend to "blow up" and fight.
Take the example of the school massacres. these all happened because they were wanting attention. they lacked the knowledge of healthy interactions and healthy relationships. They felt alone both at home and at school. with violence, they used manipulation to get the attention that they were wanting. they have turned their feelings of hurt and loneliness into anger and violence.
serial killers, as much as we hate to think about them, stem from a lack of knowledge of proper social interactions. they have not received love and affection at home and their parents did not pay attention to them. if they would have they may have noticed any strange behaviors that the child exhibited. and of course, the lack of a loving parent.
in conclusion, children need to have the all important bond of parent and child in order to grow emotionally.
Reply:There are some mothers who are forced into putting their child/ren into the daycare environment, not because of being a feminst, because of sheer survival. Some women lose their husbands because of death or the husband decides he no longer wishes to be married. Do not lump all women into this category. Until society can come up with a better solution to the problems that women face now days. SHUTTIE.
Reply:Dysfunctional children come from dysfuntional families and child care. Major difference is one group interest in profit only got control of one industry, and politician that regulate it, and in many cases subsidies are given to lowest standards possible.
Reply:From someone who has spent time actually doing a more critical review of the article and the follow-up studies:
--------------------------------------...
Also mentioned in the Times was the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development's Study of Early Child Care, whose findings were similar to Fuller's study. Four years ago, the Early Child Care study, using a sample of 1,364 kids who were 4 and a half, found that, while the reading and math skills of kids in child care were better than those of their stay-at-home counterparts (regardless of the type of care facility or family income), the more time the children spent in child care, the greater their aggression levels and noncompliance. That study sparked a great deal of controversy because one of its researchers touted conclusions to the media -- that putting a kid in child care caused these problems -- that his colleagues disputed. Last week, the NICHD published a follow-up report on the same kids who were in the 2001 study. It showed that by third grade, the children had swapped one set of problems for another: While the correlation to aggression went away, poor work habits and social skills appeared. (The Times piece suggested that the earlier study also found poor work habits and social skills, but according to Cathryn Booth-LaForce, one of the researchers on the project, that's incorrect. Also misleading is the Times' assertion that kids who spend more than 30 hours in child care are at risk for these problems. "The more hours in child care, the poorer the work habits in school, according to the teachers," says Booth-LaForce. "It doesn't have anything to do with 30 hours.")
But Booth-LaForce says that it's important to keep in mind that "all of these effects are small compared to the effects of parenting. Math and reading scores are small, too" -- the difference of a few points. As for what could cause children in child care to develop poor social skills, she's not drawing conclusions: "We don't really have an explanation for it at the moment."
And as Coontz points out, reporting on these studies tends to blow small findings out of proportion. "You're talking about a tiny minority of problematic cases, and usually problematic cases come with a whole other set of risk factors." Further, family units are so different, a norm cannot be so easily applied. "Families are changing so rapidly, it would be crazy to take an average generalization and make an individual family decision on the basis of it," she says.
Nor should parents feel guilty for working and, thus, having to rely on child care. "A much bigger impact on a child is whether they have a depressed mother or not," says Coontz. "And some mothers are more depressed when they don't work."
Philip and Carolyn Pape Cowan, professors emeriti at the University of California at Berkeley, point out that the relationship between two parents can be a much larger influence on the emotional and intellectual development of a child than child care. "We get upset when people get totally focused on child care as if it's the key issue," says Carolyn Cowan. In their longitudinal studies, they've tracked couples, some to whom they've taught parenting skills and others they haven't. "When parents are offered help to become the most effective parent they can be," she says, "and when they feel more effective as a couple, their children do better, academically and socially."
--------------------------------------...
and
--------------------------------------...
As Fuller suggests, the real implication of these studies is how we think and talk about governmental and company policies, like standardized testing, universal child care and flexible hours for working parents. It makes most sense to look at the third study, which was published yesterday by the American Sociological Review, as evidence of the need for regulated child-care centers. Julia Wrigley, a sociology professor and acting associate provost at the Graduate Center of the City University of New York, co-authored the report, which shows that the rate of death among kids who were taken care of by a private caregiver was 16 times higher than for kids in child-care centers. Although it's by far the most alarming finding in any of these studies -- Wrigley is talking about death, not the ability to share, after all -- it is also nothing for parents to start panicking about.
Wrigley culled data from news reports, state records and legal cases to create a database of 1,362 child fatalities nationwide from 1985 to 2003, including 203 shaken-baby deaths. (To put those numbers in perspective, consider that each day approximately 8 million kids are in some form of paid child care.) All violent deaths occurred when kids were being watched by a nanny or a caregiver in a private home. In child-care centers, which are regulated by the state, and where a caregiver is often surrounded by other adults, violent deaths were nonexistent. Though death resulting from a child being left in a van or wandering off on a highway did occur at care centers, overall those centers turned out to be far safer than private care.
--------------------------------------...
Soooooooo - do you want child care and the tiny risk of more aggressive behavoir that goes away as the child ages or home care where the child is 16 times more likely to be killed due to violent behavoir of the caregiver?
Or maybe neither problem is really all the significant, and the real important message here is that parenting matters a lot? The above listed study isn't nearly as grim as it appears, and plenty of information has been left out in the format it appears from most internet posters. Even the authors of the study don't agree on what the study results mean.
Linked in?
does anyone know what the point of that linked in site is? Linkedin.com. I see people from my work on it...does it mean they're are looking for other jobs...or are they just basically stating what they do? I dont get it...
Linked in?
I use it mainly to get in touch with people I've lost contact with. So, I would not assume people are looking for jobs.
Linked in?
I use it mainly to get in touch with people I've lost contact with. So, I would not assume people are looking for jobs.
Subscribe to:
Posts (Atom)